The Pandigital Novel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Pandigital Novel - Research Paper Example black and white to help accommodate the personal needs of each consumer.1 Of course, as with any product, there are good and bad reviews. One review mentions that the good aspect about the Pandigital Novel e-reader is that it incorporates Wi-Fi, web browsing, extra slot for additional memory, imaging and video, as well as audio capabilities. The poor features are the â€Å"resistive touch-screen is problematic; extremely sluggish performance; interface could be more intuitive; overall user experience could be better.† 2 The main product in which the Pandigital novel is consistently compared to is the Macintosh iPad. The reason for this being that the popularity of the iPad is substantial and thus the push to mimic the Mac device. Already the significant difference of the two is that the Pandigital Novel is much less in cost than the iPad ($199 vs. $499+). Unfortunately, the consumer appears to be getting what he or she pays for in the less expensive model due to the fact that the screen is not as responsive and the programs can be slow-acting in the Pandigital Novel. The iPad carries many more features including two cameras, HD recording, dual-core A5 chip, 10-house battery life, thinner, lighter, and comes with 16 applications to name a few.3 Apple as a producer was able to quickly produce a newer version of the iPad faster than the Pandigital Novel producers. ... cripples reaching Wi-Fi hotspots.4 Although, it allows for more memory space by having a slot for an SD card, the natural memory storage in the iPad super exceeds the Pandigital Novel. In essence, the Pandigital Novel has its issues, especially in light of its top competitor, the iPad. However, what consumers must recognize is that the Pandigital Novel is significantly less money than the iPad. It is also offering specs that many consumers would be satisfied with dependant on their needs. If the consumer is not desiring all of the extra applications or browsing features that are better on the iPad and wanting a simple, but radiant e-book reader, than the Pandigital Novel is a befitting choice. Works Cited Carnoy, David. "Pandigital Novel (white)." Cnet Reviews. Ed. John P. Falcone. N.p., 17 Aug. 2010. Web. 6 July 2011. . "iPad: There's more to it. And even less of it." Apple.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 July 2011. . Joan, Ben. "Difference Between Apple iPad and Pandigital Novel." Differenc eBetween.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 July 2011. . "Pandigital Novel Color Multimedia eReaders - U.S." Pandigital. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 July 2011.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 21

Case Study Example The case describes a systematic problem because the organization has not yet developed any defined organizational culture that promotes better understanding of diverse value system in order to develop shared goals and strong teamwork. In international businesses, cultural understanding of host nation becomes hugely important factor that influences the work performance of individuals. Chinese business practices are very sensitive to behavioral pattern. It is intrinsically linked to socio-cultural value system that necessitates better understanding of cross-cultural value system and effective communication across workforce so that workplace conflicts could be resolved amicably. The conflict could have been avoided in the first place if the managerial leadership had promoted distinct culture of shared learning, common goals and collective decision making. To resolve present conflict, the leadership should acknowledge Li’s contribution to the firm and to the project. At the same time, Tang needs to emphasize the importance of shared goals and teamwork and his reasons for discontinuing the project. He should also seek Li’s input on why the project should be continued. If Li is able to successfully explain the validity of project he should be allowed to complete it provided he involves others and completes it as team rather than as an

Negative Effects of Media on Youth: Causal Effect Analysis

Negative Effects of Media on Youth: Causal Effect Analysis Natasha Nguyen Why is it difficult to show that media causes harm to young people? Introduction The impact of the media on young people has long been an issue, with concern that younger audiences are negatively influenced by media. Effects research has been used to determine whether media causes harm on young people. However, media effects research has its difficulties in generating viable results. This paper will outline why it is difficult to show a direct causal effect from media resulting in negative outcomes and behaviours from young audiences. No media effects researchers believe in direct effects and a cohort of media scholars make valid claims supporting this statement. Barrie Gunter effectively explains the validity problems with media effects research, with Albert Bandura’s famous ‘Bobo Doll’ experiment as an example. David Gauntlett’s views on the flaws of the effects model are also relevant to the discussion and McQuail makes very constructive points on how audiences can choose how they let media affect them. To further justify that it is difficult to show that media causes harm to people, the ideas discussed will be related to the case study of the murder of 2 year old James Bulger. Validity of Effects Research Early media effects experiments, such as the Payne Fund Studies, consisted of children participants being placed in artificial environments (Gunter 2008,p.1085). They were fed dosages of media violence controlled by researchers who then exposed them to environments where they could behave in aggressive ways if they choose to (Gunter 2008,p.1085). However, these studies have been criticized by scholars for lacking validity (Sparks, Sparks Sparks 2009,p.272). The experiments were too far-fetched to produce any feasible results about media effects as they were artificial; taking users out of their natural habitats, feeding them media they would not usually consume and using unrealistic representatives for real-life violence (Ruddock 2013,p.27). Gunter (2008) is especially adequate at explaining the problems with validity in effects studies. He outlines the issues with conducting experiments in artificial settings. Participants are aware of researchers and act accordingly, doing what th ey thought the researcher wanted (Gunter 2008,p.1088). Gunter (2008,p.1102) reports how the selection of media extracts fed to participants were devoid of their original context and could be interpreted differently when embedded in their original source. Media effects research cannot be discussed without referencing Bandura’s (1963) Bobo Doll experiment (Sparks, Sparks Sparks 2009,p.272). The study illustrated that when watching a televised model commit aggressive actions, children were more likely to imitate the actions if the model was rewarded instead of punished (Sparks, Sparks Sparks 2009,p.272). This suggests an association between aggressive media influences on the children to mimic the aggressive acts but Gunter (2008) cautioned against mistaking association for causation. There were many flaws to that experimentation, with even Bandura (2009,p.110) himself discussing the severe constraints tied to controlled experimentation. Flaws in the â€Å"Effects Model† In response to traditional media effects studies, Gauntlett (1998) discusses the flaws of media effects studies, outlining why it cannot be used to prove that media causes direct harm to young people. Firstly, he discredits effects research for coming to social problems backwards. Researchers start with violent media and attempt to find ways to connect it to social problems, such as aggression, instead of beginning with social problems to find their causes (Gauntlett 1998,p.214). Gauntlett (1998,p.216) also criticizes the effects model for treating children as inadequate and more manipulable than adults, being influenced into behavior adults wouldn’t be. He questions the validity of effects research by discussing the use of artificial studies, claiming that they are selective and based on the belief that the subjects will not change their behavior as a result of being observed (Gauntlett 1998,p.219). In examining some of the flaws that Gauntlett presents, it is clear that it i s difficult to research media effects to show a direct causal effect as the methods traditionally used undermine the validity of the results. Audience’s Choices on Effects The influence media has commonly depends on audience motivations, as information conveyed is not what influences audiences but rather people’s self-determined reaction to this information (Petty, Brinol Priester 2009,p.126). Pieslack (2007) delves into this concept through his studies of music and war. He states that people voluntarily expose themselves to the effects of media, citing soldiers at war as an example who become aggressive after listening to rap music because they want to become aggressive (Pieslack 2007,p.134). McQuail (1997,p.205) explains how typical effects models were perceived as a one-way process of causality, from media to consumer, where the audience was viewed as a passive recipient of media content. However, individuals have unique tastes in media, with some more inclined to expose themselves to media violence (McQuail 1997,p.206). This destroys the notion of media messages being forced upon individuals unwillingly, evidencing that young audiences know ingly visit effects upon themselves (Ruddock 2013,p.28). Young people often learn from media because they choose to (Bandura 2009,p.97). This demonstrates the difficulty in showing that media causes harm to young people as there may be a correlation between aggression but there is no proof of direct causation, with certain individuals choosing to let media influence them (Gunter 2008,p.1095). Audiences Backgrounds Media aggression does not have the same effects on everyone and some may be more susceptible than others to effects of media violence (Gunter 2008,p.1095). Individual media audiences have different psychological makeups that influence the way they respond to aggressive media (Gunter 2008,p.1112). The consumption of violence and aggression from media is complex and must account for the audience’s differing psychological profiles (Gunter 2008,p.1097). Media violence can produce aggression when paired with troubled social conditions (Ruddock 2013,p.35). We cannot assume that violence from media consumers is directly linked back to the media as there are many other influences which can cause aggression in individuals. Peer influences, family conflicts and other factors may all influence aggressive behaviour (Sparks, Sparks Sparks 2009,p.273). It has also been reviewed that negative effects of media violence were mostly visible among the poor, less educated and socially disenfranc hised (Ruddock 2013,p.35). This proves that violent media effects are mostly a risk for individuals whom already had difficult lives and as a result, it is difficult to prove a direct causal effect from violent media. The James Bulger Murder In 1993, controversy over media effects on children surfaced following the murder of two-year-old James Bulger by two ten-year-old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson. Bulger’s body was found mutilated on a railway line two days after his murder. Though no evidence of it was brought to trial, violence in videos was considered a possible stimulus. There were many links made by the press between the crime and events in a film called Childs Play 3 (Bignell 2002,p.134). Venable’s father had rented the film however, Venables did not live with his father and had never seen the film (Bignell 2002,p.134). There was no way to connect the crime to the film and direct effects were never proven and authorities concluded that the crime was the case of two disturbed individuals acting on dark impulses, rather than on the influence of violent media. Thompson grew up in a brutal environment, being assaulted by five older brothers and an alcoholic mother. His tough upbringings may ha ve produced aggression when paired with violent media. He could have chosen to let aggressive media influence him voluntarily, wanting to become more aggressive to deal with his surroundings. This underlines Pieslack’s (2007) point about audiences voluntarily exposing themselves to media effects. The boys’ psychological makeup could account for their actions and their responses to aggressive media. Venables came from troubled family conditions, exhibited low self esteem and was temperamentally fragile. His difficult circumstances made him more vulnerable to the effects of media content, as discussed by Gunter (2008). It would be wrong to assume that violent media directly caused the boys to commit the crime as there was no direct proof and a range of other factors clearly had influence on the pair. Concluding Remarks It is difficult to show that media causes harm to young people and that a direct causal effect resulting in negative outcomes exists. The view that media has direct and powerful effects on audiences is more accepted by the general public than media effects scholars (Oliver Krakowiak 2009,p.517). Some researchers acknowledge that media violence can influence viewers but not in all circumstances, all audiences and not directly (Gunter 2008,p.1063). Media effects scholars such as Gunter, Gauntlett, Pieslack and McQuail disagree with direct causal effects. In researching media effects through experimentation, results compiled are questioned for their validity as research conducted in artificial environment can encourage unnatural participant responses. Aggressive behaviour cannot be solely blamed on violent media content as there are many other factors which influence an individual’s motives for being violent. As seen through the James Blumer case study, an individual’s mo tives, psychological makeup and social background can influence the level of power media has over them and disproves the idea of direct effects. Reference List Gauntlett, D 1998, ‘Ten Things Wrong with the Effects Model’, in R Dickinson, R Harindranath O Linne (ed.), Approaches to Audiences: A Reader, Arnold Publishers, London, pp.120-130 Gunter, B 2008, ‘Media Violence: Is There a Case for Causality?’, American Behavioural Scientist, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 1061-1122 McQuail, Oliver, M Krakowiak, K 2009, ‘Individual Differences in Media Effects’, in J Bryant M Oliver (ed.), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, Routledge, New York, pp. 517-531 Petty, R, Brinol, P Priester, J 2009, ‘Mass Media Attitude Change: Implications of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion’, in J Bryant M Oliver (ed.), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, Routledge, New York, pp. 517-531 Pieslack, J 2007, ‘Sound Targets: Music and the War in Iraq’, Journal of Musicological Research, vol.26, no. 2, pp. 129-149 Ruddock, A 2013, Youth and Media, SAGE Publications, London Sparks, G, Sparks, C Sparks, E 2009, ‘Media Violence’, in J Bryant M Oliver (ed.), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, Routledge, New York, pp. 269-286

Government Budgets on Inflation :: Economics Economy Essays

Government Budgets on Inflation Problems with format ?Since Greece and Italy are in the European Union and have both joined the European Monetary Union, one might think that they would have fairly stable economies, and Turkey would be the unstable one of the three.? But that is not necessarily true.? Although Turkey does have more of an unsteady economy, Italy and Greece?s were not doing so well in the recent past.? Looking at each country separately then comparing the three is the best way to see how the government budgets affect the inflation rates of Greece, Italy and Turkey.? Greece Greece joined the European Union (EU) in 1981, but that did not solve all of its internal problems.? They still had a high inflation rate through the 1980s and into the early 90s.? ?The average annual rate of price inflation was 17.4% in 1984-93.?[1]? There were many reasons for this elevated rate, like the public sector dominating the economy, the informal Greek economy, and the weak political leadership, but Greece knew they had to lower their inflation rate to join the European Monetary Union (EMU) and in turn converting their currency over to euros. In 1994, the EU along with Greece?s ruling government PASOK (Panellinion Socialistikon Kinima) set goals for Greece?s journey towards entering the EMU.? Along with many other objectives, the inflation rate had to be lowered before entering in to the monetary union.? Greece reduced it public spending, restricted the public sector wage increases, and attempted to increase their budget revenues by setting a minimum level of income tax payable by all employees.[2]? By doing these things, ?in April of 1995 the annual rate of inflation was less than 10% for the first time since 1973.?[3]? Also during this time of gradual progress to lower the inflation rate, the gross domestic product (GDP) rose.? The economy grew by an average of 2.8 percent per year between 1994 and 1999 and there was a recorded real growth in GDP of 4.1% in 2000.[4]By the middle of 2000, Greece?s inflation rate had reached a stable level at 2.0%, which was the requirement for entry into the EMU. ?In January [2001] Greece became the twelfth member of the European Monetary Union after a sustained effort to reduce inflation and the budget deficit to levels required for adopting the Euro. Government Budgets on Inflation :: Economics Economy Essays Government Budgets on Inflation Problems with format ?Since Greece and Italy are in the European Union and have both joined the European Monetary Union, one might think that they would have fairly stable economies, and Turkey would be the unstable one of the three.? But that is not necessarily true.? Although Turkey does have more of an unsteady economy, Italy and Greece?s were not doing so well in the recent past.? Looking at each country separately then comparing the three is the best way to see how the government budgets affect the inflation rates of Greece, Italy and Turkey.? Greece Greece joined the European Union (EU) in 1981, but that did not solve all of its internal problems.? They still had a high inflation rate through the 1980s and into the early 90s.? ?The average annual rate of price inflation was 17.4% in 1984-93.?[1]? There were many reasons for this elevated rate, like the public sector dominating the economy, the informal Greek economy, and the weak political leadership, but Greece knew they had to lower their inflation rate to join the European Monetary Union (EMU) and in turn converting their currency over to euros. In 1994, the EU along with Greece?s ruling government PASOK (Panellinion Socialistikon Kinima) set goals for Greece?s journey towards entering the EMU.? Along with many other objectives, the inflation rate had to be lowered before entering in to the monetary union.? Greece reduced it public spending, restricted the public sector wage increases, and attempted to increase their budget revenues by setting a minimum level of income tax payable by all employees.[2]? By doing these things, ?in April of 1995 the annual rate of inflation was less than 10% for the first time since 1973.?[3]? Also during this time of gradual progress to lower the inflation rate, the gross domestic product (GDP) rose.? The economy grew by an average of 2.8 percent per year between 1994 and 1999 and there was a recorded real growth in GDP of 4.1% in 2000.[4]By the middle of 2000, Greece?s inflation rate had reached a stable level at 2.0%, which was the requirement for entry into the EMU. ?In January [2001] Greece became the twelfth member of the European Monetary Union after a sustained effort to reduce inflation and the budget deficit to levels required for adopting the Euro.

Management Key Concepts

Organizational behavior is defined as a study aimed at revealing how individuals, people and groups are interacting. Simply saying, organizational behavior is norms and standards how employees should behave in work environment. Organizational behavior interprets people-organization relations within organization and social system as a whole. The purpose of organizational behavior is claimed to create more comfortable relations between employees and simply individuals by means of achieving organizational, human and social objectives.Organizations operate within the four models of behavior: autocratic, custodial, supportive, and collegial. Organizational behavior suggests that the potential of employees should be appreciated; organizational structure, people and technology work together; human problems should be encountered in work; problems are identified and corrective measures are taken. Organizational behavior is primary related to a workplace as it encompasses human behavior, human interactions, teams and leadership.(Damours, p.115)Organizational culture is defined as attitudes, beliefs, values and experiences within particular organization, firm or company. Organizational culture is a set of specific norms and values which must be shared by all employees, mangers and board of directors and which identify the way people should interact with each other and outside organization. Organization develops its own values stating how employees are expected to achieve the desired objectives and goals. Moreover, organizational culture prescribes norms of behavior in particular situations.The primary task is to integrate individuals into effective team which is able to adapt to external and internal environment of organization. Culture is â€Å"an active living phenomenon through which people jointly create and recreate the worlds in which they live†. (Damours, p.122) Elements of organizational culture are stated values, customs and rituals, comfortable climate, e tc. Organizational culture is related to a workplace as it sets norms and values of behavior and means of achieving organizational values.Diversity at workplace is defined as differences and similarities among organizational personnel. Diversity embraces, gender, age, cultural and ethnic background, physical abilities, religion, sexual orientation, etc. Nowadays diversity is essential concern in business world as companies are trying to retain the best employees not considering their age, gender or ethnicity.Workforce diversity means that organization develops practices and policies in order to include people who are considered to be different from what is considered normal. Diversity contributes social and corporate responsibility of organization as it gives an opportunity for everyone to earn living and to accomplish their dreams. Diversity also helps to turn tax users into effective tax players fostering in such a way economic development of the country. Diversity gives organizat ions advantage over companies which fully ignore diversity at workplace. (Damours, 134-137)Communication is defined as a means which convey verbal meanings creating shared understanding. Communication process requires interpersonal and intrapersonal processing, speaking, observing, listening, evaluating and analyzing. Communication process is related to a workplace is people are constantly interacting with other, arguing and debating. Future success of a person mainly depends on his ability to use language and to communicate effectively.Understanding how to communicate effectively will promote creating smoothly working project teams; responding to customers, clients, and markets; living and working in a culturally diverse world. Effective communication is playing nowadays one of the most important roles in organizations and companies, because it is the only source of mutual understanding among employees and customers, directors and suppliers, etc. Nevertheless learning how to commun icate effective isn’t limited only to one organization, because, for example, learning cross-cultural communication suggests how cultural traditions and patterns are understood and how cultural values may affect the process of communication. Learning effective communication is nowadays necessity. (Managing Communication, p.2)Business ethics is defined as a code of accepted norms, beliefs and values in business world. In other words, business ethics is a standard of human behavior that offers how to act in particular situations in professional life. Ethics incorporates norms of conventional morality to distinguish ‘wrong’ behavior from ‘right’ behavior. Generally, ethical norms suggest honesty, truthfulness, fairness, integrity, justice and respect for others. Ethical norms and values play important role in maintaining harmony and stability in social life as ethics suggests proper ways of human-human interactions.Ethics recognizes human needs and aspi rations, as well as cooperative efforts, fairness and truthfulness. Ethics contributes social stability and ensures balance in all spheres of life and business.   For example, in financial sphere ethical violations are associated with stakeholder interest, insider trading, investment management and camping financing. Business ethics is related to a workplace as it sets standards of behaviour within organization. (Damours, 205-209)Change management is defined as distinctly specifying and implementing procedures and methods to deal with changes in the organizational environment for the overall prosperity of the business. The term â€Å"change management† is mostly used to define â€Å"organizational change management or the management of change triggered in organizations or industries†. (Change Management, 2006) Change management is thus the overall process of grooming a planned approach to change in an organization.Due to globalization processes taken place in modern society change management has to be universal requirement. Change management deals primarily with the human aspect, because humans and their psychology are the most subjected to changes. There are two types of change management: reactive and proactive. Management is considered reactive when the change comes from external source. Management is considered proactive when change comes from either internal change aimed at achieving organizational objectives and goals. Change management is related to a workplace as changes are inevitable and mainly employees resist them.ReferencesManaging Communications. (1996, August). Peace Watch, 2, 5, 1-2.Coping With Change. (2006). Coping with Change: Public Sector Employees. The Paper Store Inc. Retrieved March 30, 2008, from http://search.1millionpapers.com/cgi-bin/query?mss=1millionpapers&q=Change+Public&source=googleppcDamours, Stephen. (1992). Management Analysis in Public Organizations: History, Concepts and Techniques. Westport: Quorum.

Philosophy of life Essay

Do most companies have an obligation to create and enforce a code of ethics? Explain why or why not. What are some specific code of ethics mentioned in the text and readings? Most companies are not obligated to create and enforce a code of ethics but it is in the best interest of the company that they do. Companies are not obligated simply because it is up to them how they enforce rules of the company. According to the text â€Å"Most professional organizations have detailed codes of conduct that specify the obligations members are expected to honor† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 98).† If enforced the code of ethics provided will help employees understand what is right and what is wrong when it comes to other employees and customers. In the text some specific code of ethics are â€Å"A physician shall always bear in mind the obligation of preserving Human life.(World Medical Association)† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 98).† And â€Å"Advertising agencies must recognize an obligation, not only to their clients, but to the public, the media they employ, and to each other. (American Association of Advertising Agencies)† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 98).† I have not worked for a company that does not have a code of ethic. Sometimes a company has to change its code of ethics to adjust to its growing business. The code of ethics of a company is something and employee can refer to when they have question about how they should act in a certain situation. I cannot remember which class but in one of my classes I remember writing a code of ethics for a pretend company and I enjoyed doing it. Reference Ruggiero, V.R. (2008). Thinking critically about ethical issues (7th Ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.